This article discusses the famous Popperian terms of 'empirical content' and 'falsifiability' or 'refutability'. They are all synonymous with another and are all fundamental principles, not for Popper's philosophy exclusively, but for Lakatos's and for Sneed's rational reconstruction of the ideas of Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird die auf falschen Voraussetzungen beruhende Ausbeutung der Sozialphilosophie des Kritischen Rationalismus für die Zwecke der Sozialdemokratie zurückgewiesen. Diese Sozialphilosophie kann keinesfalls für eine bestimmte parteipolitische Richtung und nur für jene in Anspruch genommen werden, ist sie doch von ihrem Selbstverständnis her auf allgemeingültigere Aussagen angelegt, als sie in der Programmatik der SPD zu finden sind. Daneben wird eine neue Strukturierung der kritizistischen Sozialphilosophie vorgeschlagen, die sich die Unterteilung in Meta- und Objektsprache zunutze macht. Die Sozialphilosophie (...) thematisiert dabei das politische Handeln selbst, während sich die Sozialphilosophie das Reden über das politische Handeln zum Gegenstand setzt. Geht es beim ersten Ansatz um politische Normen, so beim zweiten darum, welchen methodologischen Kriterien solche Normen zu genügen haben. (shrink)

Summary Hans Albert's famous principle ‘Sollen impliziert Können’, which should bridge the two disparate domains of normative decisions and empirical informations is a constitutive one of the Popperian metaethical philosophy of social relations.

Ensemble musicians play in synchrony despite expressively motivated irregularities in timing. We hypothesized that synchrony is achieved by each performer internally simulating the concurrent actions of other ensemble members, relying initially on how they would perform in their stead. Hence, musicians should be better at synchronizing with recordings of their own earlier performances than with others’ recordings. We required pianists to record one part from each of several piano duets, and later to play the complementary part in synchrony with their (...) own or others’ recordings. The pianists were also asked to identify their own recordings. The pianists were better at synchronizing with their own than with others’ performances, and they were able to recognize their own recordings. Furthermore, synchronization accuracy and recognition were correlated: Pianists who were relatively accurate at synchronizing with their own performances were also good at recognizing them. Thus, action simulation may underlie both synchronization and self-recognition. (shrink)

In an era of confessional conflict, the conscience served as a powerful mediator between God and man, directing and judging moral actions. This work aims to convey the breadth of the conscience's jurisdiction, analyzing its impact upon a variety of important aspects of early modern society: political allegiance the genre of "advice to princes" religious conformity slavery the regulation of sexual behavior gender roles and the intellectual methods of scientists.

Peirce promised but never delivered a theoretical system called "speculative rhetoric," therefore explication is synthesized from throughout his writings. bypassing nearly everything akin to standard rhetorical theory, he thinks of it as the "power of appealing to a mind" defined strictly in terms of logical processes. these "formal conditions of symbolic force" fall into two operations: "methodeutic" is an alternating inductive/deductive process beginning with imagined ideational relationships and ending with a specific claim or idea; "assertiveness" is a conjoining of images (...) ("icons") which, when directed upon the attention ("indexed"), provides compulsiveness to the idea. (shrink)

In Book II of the Republic, Socrates briefly depicts a city where each inhabitant contributes to the welfare of all by performing the role for which he or she is naturally suited. Socrates calls this city the `true city ' and the `healthy one'. Nearly all commentators have argued that Socrates' praise of the city cannot be taken at face value, claiming that it does not represent Socrates' preferred community. The point of this paper is to argue otherwise. The claim (...) is that Socrates genuinely believes the city is a healthy and desirable city, and that he believes that the First City is in fact superior to the Kallipolis. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa apresentar, dialogar e também levantar algumas críticas à teoria da argumentação de Klaus Günther. O jusfilósofo demonstra que há dois tipos de discurso, a saber, o discurso de justificação e o discurso de aplicação. O discurso de justificação parte do princípio universal “U” – já conhecido da ética do discurso. Sua função é a justificação por meio da consideração de todos os interesses envolvidos. Segundo Günther, o engano do discurso de justificação foi entender a validade de (...) uma norma como contendo cada um das suas situações de aplicação. Por sua vez, o discurso de aplicação tem por objetivo considerar as particularidades da situação a fim de verificar qual norma é a mais adequada para o contexto em questão. Palavras-chave : Justificação. Aplicação. Validade. Adequabilidade. Imparcialidade. (shrink)

Manfred Eigen employs the terms language and communication to explain key recombination processes of DNA as well as to explain the self-organization of human language and communication: Life processes as well as language and communication processes are governed by the logic of a molecular syntax, which is the exact depiction of a principally formalizable reality.

The present book is the English version of a monograph 'Die aristotelische Syllogistik', which first appeared ten years ago in the series of Abhand 1 lungen edited by the Academy of Sciences in Gottingen. In the preface to the English edition, I would first like to express my indebtedness to Mr. J. Barnes, now fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. He not only translated what must have been a difficult text with exemplary precision and ingenuity, but followed critically every argument and (...) check ed every reference. While translating it, he has improved the book. Of those changes which I have made on Mr. Barnes' suggestion I note only the more important ones on pages 4, 12, 24sq, 32, 39, 6lsq, and 158. Since the second edition of the German text appeared in 1963 some further reviews have been published, or come to my notice, which I have 2 been able to make use of in improving the text of this new edition. I must mention here especially the detailed critical discussions of my results and arguments published by Professor W. Wieland in the Philosophische Rundschau 14 (1966), 1-27 and by Professor E. Scheibe in Gnomon 39 (1967), 454-64. Both scholars, while agreeing with the main drift and method of my interpretation, criticise some of my results and disagree with some of my arguments. It would not be possible to discuss these technical matters here with the necessary thoroughness. (shrink)

Otto Neurath (1882-1945) was a highly unorthodox thinker both in philosophy and economics. The contributions to this sparkling new book conclude that Neurath touched on many of the most critical problems of economic theory during its formative years as a modern discipline. His economics provide insights into the foundational problems of modern economics and should encourage contemporary economic theorists to critically reflect their own hidden presumptions.

The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory explains the origin of nucleated eukaryotic cells by a merging of archaebacterial and eubacterial cells. The paradigmatic change is that the driving force behind evolution is not ramification but merging. Lynn Margulis describes the symbiogenetic processes in the language of mechanistic biology in such terms as “merging”, “fusion”, and “incorporation”. Biosemiotics argues that all cell-cell interactions are (rule-governed) sign-mediated interactions, i.e., communication processes. As the description of plant communication demonstrates, the biosemiotic approach is not limited to (...) the level of molecular biology, but is also helpful in examining all sign-mediated interactions between organisms on the phenotypic level. If biosemiotics also uses the notions of “language” and “communication” to describe non-human sign-mediated interactions, then the underlying scientific justification of such usage should be critically considered. Therefore, I summarize the history of this discussion held between 1920 and 1980 and present its result, the pragmatic turn. (shrink)

Applied sociology will be understood in the following discussion as a unique and original form of sociology; i.e., in its logic and practice distinguished from traditional sociology it is understood as an explanatory body of knowledge and an intellectual discourse about intentional/purposeful social action and behavior. The application of sociology proper to such substantive fields as family, art, law and sport, commonly called applied sociology, which reproduce the body of sociological knowledge just a second time, is not part of such (...) understanding. Applied sociology in its original sense has its own logic in which purpose, implementation and the process of social-problem solution are crucial. It will in the end lead to an applied action or implementation theory. It is, to paraphrase Lazarsfeld, the methodology of “sociology in action” (1960). (shrink)

Let a trace be a computably enumerable set of natural numbers such that V[m]={n:〈n,m〉∈V}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V^{[m]} = \{n : \langle n, m\rangle \in V \}}$$\end{document} is finite for all m, where 〈.,.〉\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\langle^{.},^{.}\rangle}$$\end{document} denotes an appropriate pairing function. After looking at some basic properties of traces like that there is no uniform enumeration of all traces, we prove varied results on traceability and variants thereof, where (...) a function f:N→N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${f : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}}$$\end{document} is traceable via a trace V if for all m,〈f(m),m〉∈V.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${m, \langle f(m), m\rangle \in V.}$$\end{document} Then we turn to lattices Ltr(V)=({W:V⊆WandWatrace},⊆),\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\textit{\textbf{L}}_{tr}(V) = (\{W : V \subseteq W \, {\rm and} \, W \, {\rm a} \, {\rm trace}\}, \, \subseteq),$$\end{document}V a trace. Here, we study the close relationship to E=({A:A⊆Nc.e.},⊆)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal{E} = (\{A : A \subseteq \mathbb{N} \quad c.e.\}, \subseteq)}$$\end{document}, automorphisms, isomorphisms, and isomorphic embeddings. (shrink)

Este artigo aborda os problemas teóricos da concepção da soberania popular que consistem no fato de que a idéia de todo o povo reunido enquanto sujeito da soberania é uma ficção.As ambivalências lógicas do conceito de soberania do povo serão analisadas através de uma reconstrução crítica das respectivas teorias de Bodin e Rousseau assim como da teoria de democracia de Ingeborg Maus,que,por sua vez,apresenta uma nova interpretação da teoria Kantiana de democracia.Em contraposição às teorias ilusórias e utópicas de democracia fundamentadas (...) na concepção da soberania popular, apresentaremos uma teoria alternativa de democracia representativa que se destaca pelo seu realismo político. . (shrink)

Al-Jāḥiẓ: In Praise of Books. By James E. Montgomery. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Arabic Literature, vol. 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Pp. vi + 586. $160, £95.

Philosophers of mind have recently sought to establish a theoret- ical use for nonconceptual content. Although there is disagreement about what nonconceptual content is supposed to be, this much is clear. A state with nonconceptual content is mental. Hence, while one may deny that refrigerators and messy rooms have conceptual capacities, their states, as physical and not mental, do not have nonconceptual content. A state with nonconceptual content is also intentional, which is to say that it represents a feature of (...) the world for a subject. It may be tempting to think of qualitative states as having nonconceptual content since they can be experienced by indi- viduals independently of their possession of the requisite concepts, e.g. someone could experience pains, itches or tingles without possessing the concept pain, itch or tingle. But on such a view, one would have to assume that qualitative states are representational since mental states cannot be candidates for nonconceptuality unless they have intentional properties.2. (shrink)

Die Veröffentlichung dieser Arbeit wurde durch mißliche Umstände ver­ zögert; sie wird durch die Übernahme in den Verlag Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn nunmehr ermöglicht. Trotzdem braucht im Augenblick nichts hinzugefügt werden. Eine soeben erschienene Arbeit von O. Heckmann, P. Jordan 1 und W. Fricke ) stellt erst den ersten Teil einer noch im Fluß befindlichen Diskussion von Lösungen der in diesem Büchlein aufgestellten allgemeinen Feldgleichungen dar. In dieser Darstellung wird ein kurzer Überblick über die neueren Ergeb­ nisse der projektiven Relativitätstheorie (...) seit dem Erscheinen der schönen 2 Zusammenfassung von O. Veblen ) im Jahre 1933 gegeben. Der wesent­ lichste Schritt in dieser Weiterentwicklung wurde von P. Jordan im Jahre 1944 getan. Die allgemeine affine (Einsteinsehe) Relativitätstheorie wird als be­ kannt vorausgesetzt. Die projektive Theorie wird aber von Grund· auf mit Einschluß der Jordansehen Erweiterung entwickelt. Eine eingehendere Übersicht über den Inhalt, der die Ergebnisse einiger Arbeiten von P. J or­ dan, Cl. Müll e r und dem Verfasser sowie noch unveröffentlichte Ergeb­ nisse enthält, findet der Leser im ersten einleitenden Abschnitt. Ganz besonders herzlich möchte ich Herrn P. Jordan danken für die Anregung zu diesen Untersuchungen, für das große Interesse, mit dem er den Fortgang der Arbeiten verfolgte, und für die Förderung durch wert­ volle Diskussionen und Anregungen zu interessanten Fragestellungen. (shrink)

E n est e a r tícul o e l auto r s e pr e gunt a s i l a teorí a socia l de l derech o pued e apo r tar un a contribució n especí f ic a a u n concept o d e justici a via b l e h o y e n día , frent e a l o que sobr e ell a pued e deci r l a f ilosofí (...) a moral , polític a y jurídica . E n s u opinión , lo s conceptos d e autopoiesi s y deconst r ucció n (Luhman n y De r rida ) tiene n e l potencia l su f icient e para act iv a r ta l contribució n e n do s direccione s diferentes : reconst r ucció n d e un a geneal o gía d e l a justici a y obse r v ació n d e la s paradoja s decisionale s de l derech o mode r no . E l planteamient o genealógic o intent a descubri r la s con e xione s oculta s entr e l a semántic a d e la justici a y l a est r uctur a socia l (l o cual , po r otr o lado , pued e desemboca r e n l a refo r mulació n d e u n concept o plausi b l e d e justici a e n la s condicione s actuales) . U n procedimiento deconst r uct ivo pe r mite , a s u v ez , obse r v a r e l hiat o e xistent e entr e la s est r uctura s jurídicas y la s decisiones , u n hiat o qu e pr o v oc a impo r tante s paradoja s e n lo s proceso s d e tom a de decisione s jurídicas . Mediant e ta l obse r v ació n e s posi b l e alcanza r un a comprensió n más profund a d e l a justicia , qu e e l auto r inte r preta , e n últim a instancia , com o u n proces o de autodescripció n de l derech o qu e soc a va e l carácte r recurs ivo d e la s operacione s jurídicas y qu e fuerz a a l derech o a s u autotrascendencia , per o qu e s e sabote a a s í mism o po r qu e en s u realizació n cre a siempr e un a nu eva injusticia : un a e xperienci a cuy a elaboració n literaria anticip ó Heinric h v o n Kleis t e n s u n o v el a Mi c hae l K ohlhaas. (shrink)

Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung, daß es wissenschaftliche Disziplinen gibt, in denen nicht nur empirische Feststellungen sondern auch Argumente anderer Art zur Entscheidung zwischen rivalisierenden Hypothesen herangezogen werden. Untersucht wird die Frage, ob und wie sich feststellen läßt, ob es in solchen Wissenschaften für Situationen argumentativer "Inkommensurabilität" von Argumentetypen Argumentationsregeln bzgl. der Rangfolge von Argumentetypen gibt. Eine Explikation des Begriffs einer implizit geltenden Regel liefert die Grundlage für die Formulierung einer Reihe von Kriterien, nach denen sich am Argumentationsverhalten (...) von Diskutanten eine potentielle Rangfolge unter Argumentetypen ausmachen ließe. (shrink)

When making substituted judgments for incapacitated patients, surrogates often struggle to guess what the patient would want if they had capacity. Surrogates may also agonize over having the (sole) responsibility of making such a determination. To address such concerns, a Patient Preference Predictor (PPP) has been proposed that would use an algorithm to infer the treatment preferences of individual patients from population-level data about the known preferences of people with similar demographic characteristics. However, critics have suggested that even if such (...) a PPP were more accurate, on average, than human surrogates in identifying patient preferences, the proposed algorithm would nevertheless fail to respect the patient’s (former) autonomy since it draws on the ‘wrong’ kind of data: namely, data that are not specific to the individual patient and which therefore may not reflect their actual values, or their reasons for having the preferences they do. Taking such criticisms on board, we here propose a new approach: the Personalized Patient Preference Predictor (P4). The P4 is based on recent advances in machine learning, which allow technologies including large language models to be more cheaply and efficiently ‘fine-tuned’ on person-specific data. The P4, unlike the PPP, would be able to infer an individual patient’s preferences from material (e.g., prior treatment decisions) that is in fact specific to them. Thus, we argue, in addition to being potentially more accurate at the individual level than the previously proposed PPP, the predictions of a P4 would also more directly reflect each patient’s own reasons and values. In this article, we review recent discoveries in artificial intelligence research that suggest a P4 is technically feasible, and argue that, if it is developed and appropriately deployed, it should assuage some of the main autonomy-based concerns of critics of the original PPP. We then consider various objections to our proposal and offer some tentative replies. (shrink)

The revived interest in the emotions has generated much discussion of late. Analyses typically begin by considering the various features that are involved in emotional experience generally, e.g., feeling, physiology, cognition, and behavior. This is often followed by explanations about the role of emotions in rationality, moral psychology, ethics, and/or society, as well as examinations of specific emotions like pride, jealousy, love, or guilt. Overall, the topic has been approached from a diversity of perspectives, including philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, and (...) anthropology. In fact, it’s not uncommon for a single author to assume more than one disciplinary perspective on the features and roles of emotion. (shrink)

Das vorliegende Buch ist dem frühbyzantinischen Dichter Christodor aus der ägyptischen Stadt Koptos und seinem einzigen größeren erhaltenen Werk, der 416 Hexameter langen ЕКΦРАΣΙΣ των αγαλμάτων των ɛις τò δημόσιον γυμνάσιον του επιϰαλουμένου Ζευξίππου gewidmet – wohl die umfangreichste Studie zu diesem Dichter und Werk bisher überhaupt.